Our price is right.” So promised Russill Hill Hardware in its Toronto Star advertisement of May 9, 1902. “If your kitchen sink is worn out, replace it with a steel or graniteware sink. One Ottawa woman, in 1873, “screamed horribly” at the “cat’s fur or worse” floating on one carter’s puncheon.
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Professional carters supplied water door to door, although it was not necessarily clean. Starting in the 1830s and 1840s, kitchen sinks in some towns could link into the rudimentary public drainage systems starting to be dug by local governing councils and private contractors. Some households, both rural and urban, had basement or rooftop cisterns to collect rainwater, and underground brick or wood box drains to transport waste water out to a goose puddle, cesspool, distant field, or unofficial street sewer. Before pumps eliminated its necessity, the carrying of water was an onerous and frequent daily task. Rain barrels and excavated wells became possible after cabins were built for shelter and crops planted for sustenance. Government immigration officers included “a pure spring, or running stream of water” in the qualifications for a good farm. The cold water, however, still had to be lifted to the fireplace or cookstove for heating, and the dirty water emptied by hand.Įarly on, water was sourced from a pond, creek, or fresh spring.
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By the mid-19th century, the more prosperous townspeople and farm families could upgrade to a “wet sink” by fitting a wood or iron pump to one end of the trough, thereby eliminating the need to carry buckets long distances. The dry sink trough held the familiar dishpan, but lacked dishwater. The cabinet style, called a “dry sink” by antique dealers, is now an iconic image of the 19 th-century kitchen. With increased prosperity came the time, money, and skill to buy or build a piece of furniture called a sink that is, a shallow wood or stone trough either set onto table-like legs, into a windowsill, or into the top of a wooden cabinet. Waste dishwater was fed to the pigs, pitched out the door, or showered over the vegetable patch. At first, dirty dishes were scrubbed with sand or ashes and washed with a rag and homemade lye soap in an all-purpose basin placed on a bench or table. Heavy pails of cold water were hauled to the campfire or into the cabin, where they would be heated over the hearth fire. In the earliest years of European settlement in Canada, several times a day, someone-soldiers, bachelor homesteaders, pioneer women, or sons assigned the chore-had to fetch water. Bien que les lavabos et les éviers de service se soient également transformés avec le temps, cet article se concentrera sur l'évier de cuisine et le pénible cycle quotidien du lavage de la vaisselle dans les foyers ontariens au cours des 19e et 20e siècles. Du poêle à frire rempli d’une eau que l’on chauffait sur le feu (et que l’on transportait par seau sur des distances), jusqu’au système municipal actuel précautionneusement contrôlé par une tuyauterie, des réservoirs d’eau chaude et des robinets, le progrès des éviers de cuisine reflète le développement technologique de la plomberie, l’évolution des préoccupations de la société quant à sa santé civique et morale ainsi que les importantes modifications des attentes entretenues envers le travail des femmes. Bien sûr, il n’en fut pas toujours ainsi. Le robinet s’ouvre, il se ferme, et l’eau se déverse tout comme elle cesse de couler : obligeamment. L’évier de cuisine et son abondance en eau courante (chaude et froide) est un objet banal de la vie quotidienne que l’on prend pour acquis à moins que l’eau ne cesse de couler, ou qu’elle sente mauvais – incommodant ainsi notre horaire ou menaçant notre santé – ou que l’on pense à acheter une maison ou entreprendre des rénovations. Although lavatory and laundry sinks were equally transformative, the focus of this paper is the kitchen sink, and the irksome daily cycle of dishwashing in Ontario homes of the 19 th and 20 th centuries. The advancement of kitchen sinks from dishpans filled with buckets of water to today’s carefully controlled municipal system-with its in/out pipes, hot water tanks, and on/off taps-reflects developments in plumbing technology, society’s evolving concerns about civic and moral health, and major alterations in expectations around women’s work. The tap turns on, the water obligingly pours out the tap turns off, the water obligingly drains away. The kitchen sink, with its plentiful hot and cold running water, is a mundane feature of our daily lives that we take for granted-unless, that is, the water dries up or turns smelly, thereby inconveniencing our schedules or threatening our health, or unless we are considering a house purchase or renovation.
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